Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. The lay distinction between primary and secondary emotions: A spontaneous categorization? International Journal of Psychology, Jacques-philippe Leyens. A short summary of this paper.
Download PDF. Translate PDF. Leyens et al. A cross-cultural study showed that sentimientos or secondary emotions are considered uniquely human emotions whereas emociones or primary emotions are perceived as nonuniquely human emotions. The present study focuses on whether this categorization into primary and secondary emotions is a spontaneous distinction that people use in their everyday live, or whether, on the contrary, it is the result of experimental demands.
Geometrical shapes of different colours were systematically associated with different stimuli that varied in meaningfulness. In a first condition, shapes were associated with small or large items of furniture meaningful categories and with primary and secondary emotions. In a second condition, the items of furniture were replaced by words ending with a vowel or a consonant meaningless categories. Subsequently, participants had to recognize which shape was associated with each stimulus.
Intra- category errors were significantly more numerous than inter-category errors, except for the words ending with a vowel or a consonant. Stated otherwise, types of emotions were recognized like the meaningful difference between items of furniture.
These results show that the distinction between primary and secondary emotions is an implicit one that people use spontaneously, and not as a result of task demands. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism and inter-group relations.
The idea that people categorize their social Leyens et al. Many often mentioned were, in order, intelligence different strategies have been used to study in- reasoning, thinking, etc. They were followed last few decades. Recently, Leyens et al. According to Leyens appeared at the end of the list. To the extent that focused on the emotional side of prejudice, people believe that their own group has the exploring the idea that people underattribute human essence, they will attribute to themselves uniquely human emotions to out-group members those characteristics that are considered uniquely relative to in-group ones.
But which are the uniquely human Spanish and Belgians Leyens et al. They consider that sentimien- preferentially to the in-group, and were reluctant tos are uniquely human, while emociones are to attribute this kind of emotion to the out-group common to humans and animals. Dutch-speaking Leyens et al. Indeed, if people perceive out-group between these two types of emotions.
To better members as lacking secondary emotions, they understand what people consider to be primary will perceive them as having less humanity, and as and secondary emotions, Demoulin et al.
Given the importance of different samples of students French- or Dutch- the implications of the lay distinction between speaking Belgians, Spanish, and US with lists of primary and secondary emotions, it is necessary positive and negative emotional words taken from to verify whether this differentiation is indeed a the emotion literature.
Participants had to rate the spontaneous one that people commonly use, or extent to which each word was uniquely human or whether, on the contrary, it is the result of the not, and also whether it possessed a series of instruments designed for the research and of dimensions internal or external cause, links with the demands made on the participants by the cognition and morality, visibility, intensity, dura- researchers.
In other words, it is necessary to tion in time, age of appearance. The correspon- know if people felt forced to categorize emotional dence analysis of the responses indicated that the terms into primary and secondary emotions. In solution that best explained the data was one of the latter case, the categorization into primary two axes, with the four resulting quadrants and secondary emotions would be artificial, and it corresponding to positive nonuniquely human would mean that emotional ethnocentrism, emotions, negative nonuniquely human emotions, hypothesized by Leyens et al.
What was most The aim of this study is, then, to verify the interesting, however, was that uniquely human spontaneous vs. To examine emotions, were evaluated as being more this question, it was used a procedure known as human, more cognitive, more moral, less visible, Who says what to whom? These authors were interested and appearing later in age proper of adult human in studying whether the categorization of people beings. Clearly, the lay perception of emotions into groups according to their hair colour or corresponded to the scientific distinction proposed gender is a natural process.
Specifically, Taylor by Ekman between secondary uniquely et al. From now on, this terminology will be according to visually salient features such as race used. Some examples of secondary emotions were or gender. Participants listened to a recording of hate, affection, guilt, resentment, envy, hope, six men discussing a publicity campaign for a despair, or love, and examples of primary play. Three of these men ness, alarm, enjoyment, anger, or surprise. After a Do individuals really attribute more uniquely minute presentation of the slides and recordings, human secondary emotions to the in-group than participants were shown some of the sentences to an out-group?
Using the Implicit Association used during the discussion. Taylor et al. Consistent with these findings, Leyens et al. The groups of nine the discussion group. The hypothesis was con- primary emotions annoyance, nervousness, dis- firmed in three experiments.
If the same valence to avoid a difference in positivity distinction is spontaneous rather than artificial, between them. Furthermore, the frequency of one should expect, like Taylor et al. To Cuetos, and the difference between primary better test these hypotheses, two different types emotions and secondary emotions was not of contrast categories were added to the design. In one condition, the contrast category was a In the first experimental condition, the dia- common one, often used in the language large monds were paired with primary emotions and vs small items of furniture.
In the other the squares with secondary emotions. The trian- condition, the contrast was between words gles were paired with the names of small articles ending with a vowel vs words ending with a of furniture chair, shelf, coffee-table, stool, lamp, consonant.
This latter contrast is considered bench, coat-stand, umbrella-stand, and magazine an artificial one. Although people are able to rack and the circles with the names of large categorize these words, they do not do so articles of furniture three-piece suite, desk, bunk, spontaneously, without being specifically bed, sofa, couch, wardrobe, table, and armchair. Thus, the In the second experimental condition, the pairing question asked in this study is whether categor- of diamonds with primary emotions and squares ization into primary and secondary emotions is with secondary emotions was repeated but, here, carried out in the same way as categorization into the triangles were paired with abstract nouns large and small furniture, or if, on the contrary, it ending in a consonant in Spanish indiscretion, is similar to the categorization of words in terms friendliness, sociability, humility, generosity, com- of their last letter.
As in Taylor et al. No friendliness and negligence. In each category, difference should occur for meaningless categor- each specific term was paired with a colour. For ization word endings. The items Participants were presented in random order for all partici- pants.
Thirty-nine students of the University of La Laguna took part in this study for partial Design course credit. A 2 type of error: inter vs intra 62 target: Material emotions vs contrast category 62 type of con- trast: meaningful vs meaningless design was used Four geometric shapes were used square, circle, with the first two factors as within-participant triangle, and diamond with nine different colours variables and the last one as a between-partici- pink, green, yellow, blue, grey, red, lilac, black, pants variable.
The dependent variable was the and orange. Each shape was paired with one of number of errors. The emotion terms were laboratory they were told that they were about selected on the basis of a normative study to participate in a two-phase memory experiment Int Jnt Psychology gamma IJP On the computer, you will shortly see some geometrical shapes of different colours, paired with certain words.
Such interaction means In this second part, you will see a geometric that types of errors vary not only as a function of shape of a certain colour and six words. Your the target, but also as a function of type of task is to choose which of these words was the contrast. Because of the specific hypotheses, we focused on simple effects between intra- and inter- The subject was then presented with the 36 category errors.
As can be seen in Figure 1, for geometrical shapes four shapes in nine different the meaningful condition, the number of intra- colours. As can be seen, the F 1, 37 v1. The number of intra-category errors words for furniture or abstract nouns. By chance, participants could confuse the correct response with two items Leyens et al. In category for example, secondary emotions.
Although this differ- inter-category errors Taylor et al. Figure 1. Figure 2. Taylor discriminating against others. Susan T.
Fiske1 and Shelley E. Social cognition research illustrates four phases of response to these challenges. First, the Cognitive Miser approach introduced methods less prone to experimenter or participant interference: looking time as attention, categorical memory for who said what.
Next, the Motivated Tactician approach addressed replicability by identifying moderator variables, primarily goals and motivations. For example, interdependence Fiske and threat Taylor are prominent motivations in our respective research. The third wave, perceivers as Activated Actors, translated mental states to behavior, using theory-guided prediction. Going beyond reported behavior, distinctive activations emerged in brain-imaging and muscle responses. Again, the social cognitive processes interplay with psycho-physiology.
Recently, social cognitive approaches have increasingly addressed inequality: health disparities, bias interventions, power dynamics, class effects, social morality, and intent inferences. Considerando a los perceptores como Facilitadores de la Desigualdad responde cualquier duda que pudiese quedar acerca de la relevancia de este campo en la actualidad.
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