The United States had no plans to make Palau a nuclear base, but it did not wish to agree to such a restriction when it was accepting the responsibility to protect Palau. A change in the constitution required passage by a 75 percent vote of the electorate, so it was assumed that the compact which invalidated the restriction would require a like majority.
Over the period of a decade — , seven referenda on the compact were conducted; each time the favorable vote was substantially more than a simple majority but short of the 75 percent mark. Finally, in , a referendum approved a process for adoption of the compact that required only a simple majority vote.
The following year the compact was approved by a 68 percent vote of the electorate, and it went into effect in The Palauan compact of free association gave the United States exclusive military access to Palau's waters and the right to operate two military bases.
As in the case of the other compacts, various financial payments agreed to by the United States meant the continuing financial dependence of Palau upon its former trusteeship overlord. The people of the Northern Marianas did not opt for a compact of free association, choosing instead a closer relationship with the United States.
In the people of the northern area, by a majority of more than 78 percent, approved what was called commonwealth status. Similar to the protectorates of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the commonwealth covenant gave the United States "complete responsibility for and authority with respect to matters relating to foreign affairs and defense affecting the Northern Mariana Islands.
Implementation of the commonwealth status was long delayed due to apprehension that the Soviet Union would block the termination of the UN trusteeship status. Finally, in , without waiting for UN approval, the commonwealth covenant was instituted. When the Russians ended their resistance to the termination of the Pacific trusteeships in , the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas was formally freed from UN control along with the island groups that chose free association.
Toggle navigation. Photo by: Natalia Guseva. Other articles you might like:. A protectorate is often confused with a colony, probably because both protectorates and colonies are territories of a larger, more powerful state.
In fact, the core business of the sovereign state is to protect and defend her protectorate, whereas a colony is entirely under the mother country and is considered as part of that country. All the activities of a colony are controlled by the sovereign country. Furthermore, in a colony, a number of citizens of the sovereign state are free to move to the territory under them without obtaining travel documents.
The sovereign state can have an amicable and friendly relationship with the protectorate. In this instance, the terms and obligations are usually favorable to the protectorate. The sovereign state strives to maintain and protect the protectorate for prestige reasons.
The sovereign state imposes favorable obligations to the protectorate, to maintain it, and probably to prevent another sovereign state, considered an enemy, from obtaining the protectorate.
Thus, where the sovereign state and the protectorate have an friendly relationship, the sovereign state is usually out to protect its protectorate, probably because the protectorate is vulnerable in one form or another. The protectorate is usually allowed to have foreign relationships only with the protecting power.
In case another state is interested in have any dealings with the protectorate, it must first pass through the protecting power. The protecting power then decides to give the other state a go-ahead or deny it. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as colony and protectorate for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer or protector, of adjacent territories over which it held de facto sway by protective or "raw" colonial logic.
In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protecting power , so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate. Protectorates differ from League of Nations Mandates and their successors, United Nations Trust Territories , whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the international community.
A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing body, with or without a de facto administering power. The territory was granted independence in as the separate countries of Rwanda and Burundi, bringing the Belgian colonial empire to an end.
A protectorate, in the British Empire , is a territory which is not formally annexed but in which, by treaty, grant or other lawful means, the Crown has power and jurisdiction. A protectorate differs from a "protected state". A protected state is a territory under a ruler which enjoys Her Britannic Majesty 's protection, over whose foreign affairs she exercises control, but in respect of whose internal affairs she does not exercise jurisdiction.
When the British took over Cephalonia in , they proclaimed, "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as invaders, with views of conquest, but as allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection. The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection. Similarly, Malta was a British protectorate between the capitulation of the French in and the Treaty of Paris of Other British protectorates followed.
In , Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's government officially announced that Uganda was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a High Commissioner, rather than a Governor.
These were the most common form of imperial control. Protectorates were territories where the local rulers could continue ruling domestically but they had ceded foreign and defence to the British. In fact, even in protectorates, British advisers frequently held influence far beyond foreign and defence fields. Dominions were those colonies that were granted significant freedom to rule themselves. The settler colonies were afforded this freedom.
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