There are also square caps for columns. Enhancing your landscape with a stone wall is a great investment in your home. Check out the photos here or take a look through our catalog for examples. Request A Catalog. Distributor Login. Walls used in landscaping can have similar looks but provide very different functions. A few uses for outdoor walls: Retaining slopes and creating more usable land space Defining a garden bed Support Seating A retaining wall is a strong structure that is made to keep a hill, slope or mound of earth in place.
Garden walls Garden walls are low walls, usually about inches in height, that line a landscape feature. Support walls A landscape wall built for supporting outdoor structures are sturdy installations that are designed to hold the vertical weight of architectural elements like pillars, gazebos, gates, pergolas or fencing.
Seating wall Seating walls are built to provide a permanent arrangement for guest accommodation. Caps Depending on what style wall you choose, you may need cap stones to finish the installation. Published: August 10, Previous Article. Next Article. Like this content?
I would recomend trying to design the walls as rigid unless it is significantly more work. As you may have garnered from above this is not a precise science and being conservative is often the better choice.
Good Luck. I myself am in the process of generating a standard structural pool plan. I believe it is common practice to design a pool wall as cantilevered unrestrained. Red Flag This Post Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Reasons such as off-topic, duplicates, flames, illegal, vulgar, or students posting their homework.
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Close Box. Log In Come Join Us! Posting Guidelines Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. Home Forums Geotechnical Engineers Activities Earth retention engineering Forum Difference between restrained and unrestrained walls thread Forum.
Difference between restrained and unrestrained walls Difference between restrained and unrestrained walls When should a wall be considered "restrained" or "unrestrained" in relation to later soil pressures. Good Luck RE: Difference between restrained and unrestrained walls I myself am in the process of generating a standard structural pool plan. As a result, a basement retaining wall should be designed using the At-rest Ko pressure coefficient, instead of the Active Ka commonly used in cantilever walls.
In addition, the Equivalent Fluid method may be selected, which assumes the backfill as a fluid of a given density. Being the purpose of a retaining wall to maximize the land usage, normally there are surcharge loads on top of the retained mass. These loads may be dead or live, uniformly distributed or concentrated. Driveways, parking lots, equipment, etc, are examples of surcharges in a basement wall. A uniform surcharge will produce a uniform lateral pressure on the wall. A roadway running parallel to the wall may be modeled with a Strip load, and it may be calculated using the Boussinesq approach.
Sometimes the stem extends above the backfill level and this portion of the wall could be exposed to a wind pressure. If the wall is located in a seismic zone, then the seismic effects need to be considered. In this case the Mononobe-Okabe approach is usually followed, which is based on the Coulomb theory previously discussed.
The picture below shows schematically the external loads in a typical restrained retaining wall. In the post referenced above we discussed the four basic instability modes in a typical retaining wall:. The calculated safety factors are also shown for immediate check. Since the stem is laterally supported at the top, it can be modeled either as pinned or fixed at base, so it may act as either a pin-pin or a fix-pin beam, and the resulting shears and moments will be completely different. In some cases it may be convenient to fix the base, so that the stem will be lighter even if the footing gets penalized.
The stem must be designed for the maximum positive and negative moments, and the shear must be checked at the critical section located a distance d above the top of the footing. Sometimes a basement wall extends two levels down, which means that the retaining wall needs to be designed considering lateral supports at the base and at the top, plus an additional intermediate support.
The image below shows the different pressures on the stem of a typical two-story basement retaining wall, sorted by load combination. If the stem is overloaded at any point, the problem can be immediately identified. Most basement walls are supported on ground, but they could also be supported on piles. The discussion below assumes that the wall is supported directly on ground. The heel is subjected to the vertical loads acting on the back side of the wall, including the backfill weight and any surcharge.
All these loads tend to push the heel down, which acts as a cantilever beam where both the maximum moment and the critical section for shear occur at the face of the stem. The reinforcing steel at the heel should be placed at the top side of the footing.
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