But since Russian territory now covers parts of Europe and Asia, the country includes people and cultures from both continents.
The territory of the Russian Federation straddles the continental borders between Europe and Asia. Thus, Russian territory from its western borders with Norway , Finland , the Baltic countries, Belarus , and Ukraine to the Ural Mountains is considered part of Europe. But of course, Russia has territory that lies well to the east of the Ural Mountains, all of which is part of Asia.
The Russian territory east of the Urals is known as Siberia , and stretches eastward all the way to the Bering Sea , which is located to the north of the North Pacific Ocean. Russian territory also stretches north to south in parts of Central and East Asia.
The country shares a maritime border with Japan in the North Pacific Ocean. Are there some other complicated geographical queries that tend to stump you on trivia nights? Let us know in the comments below! Latvia is a Northern European country. As of , the Latvian population sits around 1,, Yearly population growth averages around Last Updated On: November 5, Ukraine has been mentioned in the news a lot lately, but how much do you actually know about it?
Where is Ukraine? What is the capital of it? And […]. Last Updated On: April 4, We understand that the political status of Taiwan can bring out passionate feelings for some.
Azerbaijan is an independent country to the east of Armenia bordering the Caspian Sea. It is about the same size in area as the US state of Maine.
This former Soviet republic has a population of more than eight million in which more than 90 percent follow Islam. Azerbaijan shares a border with the northern province of Iran, which is also called Azerbaijan. Part of Azerbaijan is located on the western side of Armenia and is separated from the rest of the country. Located on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and is the largest city in the region, with a population approaching two million.
During the Cold War era, it was one of the top five largest cities in the Soviet Union. The long history of this vibrant city and the infusion of oil revenues have given rise to a metropolitan center of activity that has attracted global business interests. Wealth has not been evenly distributed in the country, and at least one-fourth of the population still lives below the poverty line.
Azerbaijan is rich with oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered here in the eighth century, and hand-dug oil wells produced oil as early as the fifteenth century. Since the Industrial Revolution, the rising value of petroleum for energy increased the industrial extraction of oil in Azerbaijan.
At the end of the nineteenth century, this small country produced half the oil in the world. Large oil reserves are located beneath the Caspian Sea, and offshore wells with pipelines to shore have expanded throughout the Caspian Basin. As much as the export of oil and natural gas has been an economic support for the country, it has not been without costs to the environment. According to US government sources, local scientists consider parts of Azerbaijan to be some of the most devastated environmental areas in the world.
Serious air, soil, and water pollution exist due to uncontrolled oil spills and the heavy use of chemicals in the agricultural sector. Previous Chapter. Table of Contents. Next Chapter. Chapter 3 Russia Identifying the Boundaries Russia is the largest country in physical area—almost twice the size of the United States.
Determine how the czars expanded their territorial power to create the Russian Empire. Contrast the ways that the governments of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union dealt with the issue of diverse nationalities within their countries.
Describe some of the environmental problems facing the Russian republics today. Regional Environmental Problems Each region of the Russian republic has its own environmental issues. The Russian Empire gradually expanded its territory to the east, west, and south of Moscow and by the end of the nineteenth century had accumulated a vast area of land and a great variety of people of many ethnicities, languages, and religions.
When the Soviet Union collapsed, its internal nationality-oriented republics declared independence, and the Russians who had been sent to live around the USSR were now living in non-Russian countries. While most of the ethnic Russians stayed in their current countries, many others returned to Russia after In what ways was Russia a colonial empire?
What strategies did the Russian Empire use to govern a multiethnic state? What were Soviet Socialist Republics, and why were they created? What was a long-term consequence of the formation of Soviet Socialist Republics for the current geopolitical organization of this world region? What are some of the major environmental problems in Russia? Why did so many of the Soviet republics separate and become independent in ? Why do more people live on the smaller European side of Russia than the larger Asian side?
Describe some of the conditions of life in the Soviet Union. Describe the post-Soviet economic and political situation. Table 3. Source: Photo courtesy of Mary Krueger. Twenty-First-Century Russia A Russian style of capitalism replaced the social, political, and economic system of the Communist era with a growing market economy. Key Takeaways The Communist state was created in as the result of a civil war, which evolved into the creation of the Soviet Union in During this era, the Russian people traded a monarchy for a Marxist totalitarian state.
One of the primary goals of the new USSR was rapid industrialization, and this goal was achieved through central planning and the collectivization of agriculture. Inefficiencies in the system persisted throughout the Soviet era.
Early post-Soviet years were ones of democratization, rapid privatization, and the unraveling of the social safety net. The shift to capitalism restructured the Russian economy. The Russian economy strengthened after , and Russian president Vladimir Putin strengthened the power of the central state.
Russia has a low fertility rate and a negative rate of natural increase. High rates of abortions and alcoholism have been contributing factors. Who were the first two leaders of the USSR, what were some of their accomplishments, and what were some of the human costs? What were two main economic policies of the Soviet Union?
Who was fighting the Cold War? Where were major conflicts fought during this war? How did the Cold War end? What leaders were in power in the United States and the Soviet Union when it ended? What happened to the many external republics after ? How did the economic system change for Russia after ?
Geography Exercise Identify the following key places on a map: Moscow St. Describe the physical attributes of Siberia and the Far East. Explain why Chechnya has been at war with Russia twice since Learn why Russia invaded Georgia in and discover the role of fossil fuels in the economies of Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Far East Figure 3. Southern Russia In the southern portion of the Russian core lies a land bridge between Europe and Southwest Asia: a region dominated by the Caucasus Mountains.
Transcaucasia The independent countries of Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan make up the region of Transcaucasia. Most of the cities on the Barents Sea and in the Eastern Frontier were established for manufacturing or for the exploitation of raw materials.
The Volga River and its tributaries have been an important transportation network for centuries. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Very few people live in Siberia, but the region is rich with natural resources.
The most contentious region in Russia is the Caucasus Mountain region, especially the area of Chechnya. The Caucasus is characterized by ethnic and religious diversity and by a desire for independence from Russia.
South of Russia in the Caucasus is the region of Transcaucasia. It is ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. Countries there are independent of Russia, although they have a long history of being part of the Russian and Soviet Empires.
Some of the countries are rich in petroleum reserves. What are some of the major environmental problems in Russia and Transcaucasia? What is the relationship between the countries of Georgia and Russia? Describe their conflict. What happened to Chechnya? What are the three independent countries of Transcaucasia, and when did they gain independence from Russia? Which of the three Transcaucasian countries has the least opportunity to gain wealth? What is the largest source of income in this region?
What physical feature demarcates the boundary between Europe and Asia in southern Russia? What is the largest city in Transcaucasia? On what sea is it located? It has abundant natural resources, continental and arctic climates, mountains, plains, and massive river systems.
Each government dealt with the size and cultural diversity in different ways. Both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union were empires—that is, they were large countries in which Russian political control dominated the many peoples of various cultures and ethnicities within its boundaries.
It was ruled by the Bolshevik party, a socialist group led by Vladimir Lenin. The second leader of the USSR, Josef Stalin, was renowned for the millions of people that he killed as he consolidated his power and sought economic growth for his country. The USSR was a command economy, in which economic decisions were made by the central state.
Economic objectives of the early leaders included rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivization. The Soviet economy was ultimately corrupt and inefficient—two factors that, along with other problems, led to the unraveling of the Soviet Union in The reforms of the final Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, were not enough to prevent its collapse.
The early post-Soviet years were ones of rapid privatization, immense wealth for a small few, economic hardship for most, and the disappearance of the social safety net. There are a few industrial cities in the Eastern Frontier region, but most of Russia east of the Urals is a vast wilderness. Southern Russia—the Caucasus Mountain region—is the portion of the country that has caused the most unrest for Moscow. Non-Russian groups such as the Chechens would like to be independent, but Russia has engaged in warfare to prevent them from seceding.
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